黃銅棒的用途

黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)棒(bang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要由銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)途很(hen)(hen)多，其性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)取決(jue)于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例。含(han)(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)達63%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)冷(leng)加工(gong)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)退火，有延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)；而(er)含(han)(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)較少、含(han)(han)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)金，則應(ying)熱(re)加工(gong)，強(qiang)度較高。 由于(yu)我(wo)們不(bu)(bu)知道古人用(yong)(yong)(yong)什么方法來(lai)熔煉鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)或(huo)菱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)，對古代使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況也不(bu)(bu)太清楚。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沸點比(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)低，在(zai)(zai)(zai)加熱(re)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，木炭也會(hui)加熱(re)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)，很(hen)(hen)難不(bu)(bu)讓(rang)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)蒸發(fa)掉。羅(luo)馬人可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)zui先大(da)規模使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)這種(zhong)方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔煉青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匠人可(ke)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)此以(yi)(yi)前已無意中(zhong)生產出了(le)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，因為錫(xi)與鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別，zui初是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)清楚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)們應(ying)該(gai)注意，《圣經》里(li)提(ti)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，實(shi)際上(shang)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；稱為哀(ai)斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羅(luo)馬硬幣，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。使(shi)事情變得(de)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，他(ta)們確(que)實(shi)曾利用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)鑄(zhu)幣，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起(qi)(qi)初黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)都(dou)更昂(ang)貴。 然(ran)而(er)從中(zhong)世紀(ji)起(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)其未用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)作(zuo)壺和(he)(he)盤(pan)之(zhi)前，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)品(pin)，只用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)做紀(ji)念性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)碑之(zhi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西。從約公元1230年起(qi)(qi)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品(pin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)歐(ou)洲流行了(le)約 300年之(zhi)久(jiu)，因為它(ta)們比(bi)(bi)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)品(pin)便宜(yi)得(de)多。死于(yu)1231年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威爾(er)普大(da)主(zhu)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人們所知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)zui早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。鑄(zhu)造黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：先把粉碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和(he)(he)木炭跟銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)塊混合(he)(he)(he)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)加熱(re)，使(shi)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)和(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結合(he)(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)(qi)，再加熱(re)使(shi)合(he)(he)(he)金熔融，然(ran)后將銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液灌入鑄(zhu)模。英國zui早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從圖(tu)爾(er)內(nei)進口(kou)。委托人可(ke)以(yi)(yi)從圖(tu)爾(er)內(nei)訂購(gou)已經裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)漂亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)板或(huo)大(da)理(li)石(shi)底(di)座里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)碑。制(zhi)作(zuo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)墓(mu)碑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先鑄(zhu)好銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，通常還要鑄(zhu)好周圍(wei)挑棚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剪影，再把它(ta)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)板里(li)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)刀(dao)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)面刻出人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細部。有時(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手和(he)(he)面部要使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雪花石(shi)膏或(huo)其他(ta)鑲嵌材料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)安全做好后，用(yong)(yong)(yong)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鉛栓里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暗銷固(gu)定在(zai)(zai)(zai)石(shi)頭底(di)座上(shang)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)本身放在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)層(ceng)瀝青上(shang)。很(hen)(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就分段鑄(zhu)造，然(ran)后接合(he)(he)(he)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)。